A verbal is a verb that doesn’t mind its
own business. It is a verb in form with
a different function—it’s a verb
behaving like another part of speech. (The nerve of some verbs.) A verbal can
function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
While verbals are
used as other parts of speech, they retain some of the important qualities of
verbs. For example, they can take direct objects and indirect objects and other
complements, and they can be modified by adverbs. Because they’re versatile,
verbals are enormously useful to writers who understand the power of verbs and
want to work as much action into their sentences as possible.
There are only
three kinds of verbals, and in this chapter we’ll discuss the two simplest
kinds: gerunds and participles. The infinitives will come next.
GERUNDS: VERBS AS
NOUNS
A gerund appears only in the present
participle form (the –ing form) and
it’s always used as a noun:
I enjoy baking.
And I enjoy hiking.
And I also enjoy reading.
Once, I tried reading
and hiking at the same time, and it did not go well.
In all the
sentences above, the gerund phrase (underlined) functions as a direct object.
Some gerunds, created from transitive verbs, can also take their own direct
objects.
In both of the
following sentences, the underlined portion includes the gerund, which is the
direct object of the sentences, and another noun phrase, which is the direct
object of the verbal:
I enjoy baking cakes.
I enjoy reading books.
Gerunds can also take indirect objects:
I enjoy baking my friends cakes.
I enjoy reading my son books.
Notice that these
last examples are each, in a way, a combination of two clauses. The second
example could be said to contain these two ideas:
I enjoy reading.
I read my child books.
We reduced the
second sentence above (I read my child
books) into a gerund phrase: I enjoy
reading my child books.
That’s why gerund
phrases (and verbal phrases of all kinds) are sometimes called reduced clauses. They are not true
clauses, but the information that they contain could be the basis of a clause.
We can also make
gerunds out of transitive verbs with object complements:
We regret making Albert angry.
In this sentence,
the entire gerund phrase, making Albert
angry, is the direct object of regret.
Within the phrase, Albert is the
direct object of making, and angry is the object complement
describing Albert.
Gerunds created
from linking verbs can be used with predicate nouns and predicate adjectives.
In the next two sentences, the verbal phrase is a direct object of the
transitive verb enjoys:
Stanley enjoys being a comedian.
Oliver enjoys being funny.
In both these
sentences, the gerund being is
created from a linking verb. In the first sentence, comedian is a predicate nomi-native; in the second, funny is a predicate adjective.
Gerunds can be subjects:
Singing is his favorite pastime.
Becoming a musician is his
goal.
(The phrase
a musician is the predicate
nominative of becoming.)
Below, singing has a direct
object:
Singing hymns is his
favorite pastime.
And here, gerund phrases are appositives:
His pastime, singing hymns, has made him many
friends.
His other pastime, telling
naughty stories, has lost
him a few friends.
A gerund phrase can also be the object of a preposition:
He always has time for singing
hymns. He has talked about becoming
a musician
PARTICIPLES:
VERBS AS ADJECTIVES
Now we need to
remember two forms of verbs: The present participles of verbs (the –ing forms) and the past participles of
verbs (the forms used with have, as
in have known or had seen).
These forms are
used to create adjectival phrases that precede
the noun. In some sentence structures, with the right punctuation, they can
also follow the noun:
The soaring airplane roared overhead.
The airplane, soaring, roared overhead.
Walking quickly to the door, the detective threw it open.
The detective, walking quickly to the door,
threw it open.
We watched the snow falling softly.
We watched the softly falling snow.
Shaken from his fall, the old man sat for a moment.
The old man, shaken from his fall, sat
for a moment.
Heard across the street, the scream disturbed the neighbors.
The scream, heard across the street,
disturbed the neighbors.
As these examples
illustrate, the participle can be accompanied by adverbs. And the participle
phrase should usually be close to the noun it modifies.
Participles
created from transitive verbs can have their own direct objects:
Shoveling snow, Mr.
Lochenhocher grew tired.
Reading the poem aloud,
Mrs. Mays grew emotional.
Taking his time, Bill is recovering from
the accident.
Participles can also have indirect objects as well as direct objects:
Reading my daughter a book,
I grew sleepy.
Giving my friend the news,
I chose my words carefully.
Participles can also have direct objects and object complements:
The committee, electing
Mrs. Klomstok chairwoman,
enraged Mr. Lochenhocher.
Participles created from linking
verbs can have predicate nomina-tives or predicate adjectives:
Mr. Dusenberg, being a wise man, refused to argue.
Becoming angry, Mr. Lochenhocher yelled across the street at Ruthie.
Remaining calm, Ruthie
continued practicing the bagpipes.
(Notice that practicing the
bagpipes is a gerund phrase.)
POINTS FOR
WRITERS
1. Dangling
Participles
As you’ve just
seen, we usually put participles close to the nouns they modify, either before
or after. Avoid the infamous dangling
participle, a carelessly used
participial phrase that doesn’t apply logically
to a nearby noun. The result is often nonsense:
Rowing across the river, the boat struck the ice.
Dancing to the jazz, the orchestra played its closing number.
Falling softly, we watched the snow.
Drinking noisily, Grandmother watched the thirsty dog.
Please don’t do this. Please?
EXERCISES
Because students
often find verbals difficult, we’ve provided many different kinds of exercises
in this chapter and the next to help you learn these concepts. (Don’t thank us;
just send money.)
1. Identify
the functions (subjects, direct objects, and others) of the underlined gerunds in these sentences:
Farming is his business.
His business is farming.
He likes farming.
He likes raising corn and soy beans.
He will stay with farming.
His profession, raising corn and soy beans,
is a difficult one.
2. Now locate the gerunds in the
following sentences and identify
their functions:
His hobby is biking.
Biking is his hobby.
He is interested in biking.
His hobby, biking, is a popular one.
Biking ten miles a day is a challenge.
His goal is biking ten miles a day.
He makes time for biking ten miles a day.
She likes being a police woman.
Being a patrol officer is her ideal job.
Review
Before we go to the next
exercises, let’s have a quick review. Gerunds, as we’ve seen, are present
participles used as nouns
for many nominal functions:
Running is his hobby.
(A gerund functioning as a subject)
He likes running laps.
(A gerund phrase as a direct object)
Her hobby is playing the tuba.
(A gerund phrase as a predicate nominative)
We also use present
participles to create progressive tense verbs, using the verb to be as auxiliaries:
He is playing the tuba.
She was always playing the tuba.
I have been playing the tuba.
So gerunds can be
distinguished from progressive tense verbs in at least two ways:
Gerunds always function as
nouns, in a nominal position in the sentence.
Progressive tense verbs always
have an auxiliary, which is some form of the verb to be.
Back to the exercises:
3. Using the guidelines above,
classify the gerunds and progres-sive verbs in the underlined portions of these
sentences:
Breathing very cold air can be painful.
I love baking cookies.
He found much joy in singing.
He was singing all the time.
You learn a lot from reading books.
When you are driving, time passes
quickly.
4. Do the same thing in the
following sentences, in which the gerunds
and progressive tense verbs are not marked for you:
He made a career of programming computers.
I was programming computers.
Programming is my job.
I love juggling.
I am juggling all the time.
Juggling is what I love to do.
Once my hobby was juggling.
Review
Here’s another short review concerning verbs and participles:
You will recall
that the progressive tense verbs, which use present participles to build verb
phrases, use the verb to be as
auxiliaries:
He is driving.
She was always playing golf.
I will be knitting a sweater.
We also use past
participles or present participles to create adjectival phrases that usually
appear just before or after the nouns they modify:
Sleeping for hours, John recovered from his cold.
The dog, barking madly, wouldn’t be
quiet.
Driven to exhaustion, Bob had to rest.
They can also appear after linking verbs:
He seemed disappointed by the news.
He became interested in the new book.
So we can distinguish
participles from progressive tense verbs or perfect tense verbs in at least two
ways:
Participles always function as
adjectives and usually appear before or after a noun phrase, or after a linking
verb.
Progressive
tense verbs always have some form of be
as an auxiliary; perfect tense verbs always have some form of have as an auxiliary.
Back to the exercises:
5. Using
the guidelines above, classify the underlined portions of these sentences as participles, as perfect tense verbs, or as
progressive tense verbs.
Bob was sleeping for hours.
Bob, driven to exhaustion, had to rest.
Martha has driven Bob to work all week.
Swimming laps, Bob begins his day briskly.
Bob, biking for miles, was exhausted.
Exhausted, Bob nevertheless became intrigued.
Driving to work, Martha saw a red fox.
6. Do the same thing in the
following sentences, in which the participles
and verbs are not marked for you:
1. Snoring loudly, Susan slept through her
history class.
Susan was snoring loudly in Calculus.
Driven mad by the noise, Claude threw
everything in sight.
Claude had not slept for two days.
Claude appeared worn and worried.
Playing the sax, Al woke up the neighbors.
Written for Susan, the
instructions ordered her to drop her history class.
7. Using
the guidelines discussed in this chapter, classify the underlined portions of the following sentences as gerunds, as
participles, as perfect tense verbs, or as progressive tense verbs.
His hobby is reading Shakespeare.
He is always reading
Shakespeare.
Reading Shakespeare aloud, he entranced the audience.
Alicia, reading Shakespeare, ignored
the speaker.
Driving at night can be dangerous.
I don’t like driving at night.
Driving late at night, Ed was exhausted.
Exhausted, Ed drove on.
Ed was driving three nights a week.
He has exhausted himself with the driving.
8. In
these sentences, the gerunds, participles, and verbs are not marked for you. Locate and classify the gerunds, participles,
perfect tense verbs, and progressive tense verbs:
Seen through the window, the room was a mess.
We have seen the traffic through the window.
My hobby is playing the tuba.
Bob is playing the tuba.
Playing the tuba, Bob disturbed the library
patrons.
Feeling sick, Gloria went home.
Gloria was feeling sick.
Her remarks were about reading Poe.
Sailing on the lake is Cal’s hobby.
I like sailing on the lake.
I am sailing again this summer.
